ISO 12944 is the nine-part international standard for protecting steel structures against corrosion with protective paint systems, from corrosivity categories C1 to CX and durability ranges to laboratory tests and offshore systems. It answers the question a coating specification starts with: how aggressive the site is, how long the system has to last and which test proves it.
ISO 12944-2:2017 sorts atmospheres into six categories, C1 to C5 and CX, and immersion into four, Im1 to Im4. ISO 12944-1:2017 adds four durability ranges, from low (up to 7 years) to very high (more than 25 years). ISO 12944-6:2018 then sets the laboratory hours, up to 2,688 h of cyclic aging for C5 with very high durability, and ISO 12944-9:2018 asks 4,200 h for offshore CX and Im4 systems. The parts in force date from 2017, 2018 and 2019, and since 2025 ISO lists seven of them at stage 90.92, to be revised. Paint systems for steel sit beside membranes, repair mortars and sealers in the wider field of construction chemicals.
This page follows the standard in the order a specifier reads it: parts and editions, scope, categories and corrosion rates, durability, paint systems and the Zn (R) primer, part 6 and part 9 test requirements, test methods, product classes, a data-sheet check and the edition history.
Standards, codes and regulations are checked against their issuing bodies, product values against the named data sheet and prices against the dated source named in the sentence; see our methodology and fact-checking. This page summarizes the standard and is not legal or contractual advice.
The summary table below lists the attributes of ISO 12944 that a specifier checks first.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Issuer | ISO (International Organization for Standardization) |
| Parts | 9, ISO 12944-1 to ISO 12944-9 |
| Editions in force | 2017 (parts 1, 2, 3, 7, 8); 2018 (parts 6, 9); 2019 (part 5) |
| ISO status | Stage 90.92 (to be revised) since 2025-03-11 (parts 5, 6) and 2025-06-19 (parts 1, 2, 3, 7, 8) |
| Atmospheric categories | C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, CX |
| Immersion categories | Im1, Im2, Im3, Im4 |
| Durability ranges | Low (L), medium (M), high (H), very high (VH) |
| Offshore qualification | 4,200 h cyclic aging (ISO 12944-9:2018) |
| Zn (R) primer | At least 80 % zinc dust by mass in the dry film (ISO 12944-5:2019) |
What Is ISO 12944? Issuer, Nine Parts and Current Editions#
ISO 12944 is published by ISO in nine parts, from part 1 (general introduction) to part 9 (offshore and related structures), and the parts in force date from 2017, 2018 and 2019. The seven parts between them cover classification of environments (2), design (3), surfaces and surface preparation (4), protective paint systems (5), laboratory performance tests (6), execution and supervision (7) and specifications (8).
Which editions are current? ISO 12944-1:2017 and ISO 12944-2:2017 are second editions from November 2017, with part 2 published on 2017-11-12. ISO 12944-5:2019 is the fourth edition, published 2019-09-26 as a minor revision of the 2018 edition. ISO 12944-6:2018, the second edition, and ISO 12944-9:2018 were both published on 2018-01-30, and BS EN ISO 12944-9:2018 is identical to the ISO text. Readers who work across product families compare ISO 12944 with the other construction chemicals standards.
What Does ISO 12944 Cover, and What Does It Exclude?#
ISO 12944 covers steel structures protected by paint systems, and ISO 12944-9:2018 limits its offshore scope to carbon steel at least 3 mm (0.12 in) thick. Offshore systems under part 9 serve from -20 to +80 °C (-4 to 176 °F), immersion up to 50 °C (122 °F), and part 9 excludes tank interiors, buried structures and pipelines.
When does steel corrode enough to matter? ISO 12944-2:2017 states that significant corrosion is likely above 80 % relative humidity and above 0 °C (32 °F), and it counts the time of wetness as the hours in which both conditions hold. Hot-dip galvanized steel enters the standard as the substrate of a duplex system, a paint system applied over the zinc coating.
ISO 12944-2 Corrosivity Categories: C1 to C5, CX and Immersion Im1 to Im4#
ISO 12944-2:2017 sorts atmospheric environments into six corrosivity categories, C1 to C5 and CX, and water and soil exposure into four immersion categories, Im1 to Im4. Im1 covers fresh water, Im2 sea or brackish water, Im3 soil and Im4 sea or brackish water with cathodic protection, a category new in 2017. The atmospheric categories C1 to CX correspond to first-year corrosion rates of carbon steel and zinc under ISO 9223:2012, given in the next section.
The table below compares the ten categories by exposure and by what each replaced or where it is detailed.
| Category | Exposure | Replaces or detail |
|---|---|---|
| C1 | Atmospheric | Rates in the ISO 9223 table below |
| C2 | Atmospheric | Rates in the ISO 9223 table below |
| C3 | Atmospheric | Rates in the ISO 9223 table below |
| C4 | Atmospheric | Rates in the ISO 9223 table below |
| C5 | Atmospheric, onshore | With CX, replaces C5-I and C5-M |
| CX | Atmospheric, offshore | Detailed in ISO 12944-9:2018 |
| Im1 | Fresh water | Immersion |
| Im2 | Sea or brackish water | Immersion |
| Im3 | Soil | Immersion |
| Im4 | Sea or brackish water with cathodic protection | New in 2017 |
C5 vs CX: What Replaced C5-I and C5-M?#
C5 is the onshore category and CX the offshore category, and together they replaced C5-I and C5-M in the 2017 and 2018 editions. CX is detailed in ISO 12944-9:2018, which asks at least 280 µm (11.0 mils) nominal dry film thickness (NDFT) for a CX system with a Zn (R) primer. A specification that still names C5-I or C5-M predates these editions and is rewritten as C5 or CX. Steel on bridges, tunnels and marine structures is classified with the same codes as any other steel structure, and waterproofing, repair and protection of bridges, tunnels and marine structures have their own page.
ISO 9223 First-Year Corrosion Rates by Category#
ISO 9223:2012, confirmed in 2022, classifies a site by the first-year corrosion rate of carbon steel and zinc, and C5 corresponds to 80 to 200 µm/a (3.1 to 7.9 mils/yr) of steel loss. The table below gives the steel and zinc rates for all six atmospheric categories.
| Category | Carbon steel, g/(m²·a) | Carbon steel, µm/a (mils/yr) | Zinc, µm/a (mils/yr) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | At most 10 | At most 1.3 (0.05) | At most 0.1 (0.004) |
| C2 | 10 to 200 | 1.3 to 25 (0.05 to 1.0) | 0.1 to 0.7 (0.004 to 0.028) |
| C3 | 200 to 400 | 25 to 50 (1.0 to 2.0) | 0.7 to 2.1 (0.028 to 0.083) |
| C4 | 400 to 650 | 50 to 80 (2.0 to 3.1) | 2.1 to 4.2 (0.083 to 0.165) |
| C5 | 650 to 1,500 | 80 to 200 (3.1 to 7.9) | 4.2 to 8.4 (0.165 to 0.331) |
| CX | 1,500 to 5,500 | 200 to 700 (7.9 to 27.6) | 8.4 to 25 (0.331 to 0.984) |
These rates describe the corrosivity of the site in its first year of exposure; they say nothing about how long a coating lasts, which is the separate durability range of ISO 12944-1:2017.
ISO 12944-1 Durability Ranges: Low, Medium, High and Very High#
ISO 12944-1:2017 defines four durability ranges for a paint system: low up to 7 years, medium 7 to 15 years, high 15 to 25 years and very high more than 25 years. Durability is a range used to select a paint system, not a guarantee time. A system is specified as a category plus a range, for example C4 high or C5 very high, and the pair decides the laboratory hours in ISO 12944-6:2018. The 2017 ranges replaced the 1998 ranges, so a durability figure on an older data sheet is checked against the edition it cites.
ISO 12944-5 Protective Paint Systems: Binder Types and Zn (R) Primers#
ISO 12944-5:2019 describes protective paint systems by generic binder type, primer type, number of coats and nominal dry film thickness, and it defines the Zn (R) zinc-rich primer. A system builds up in three layers: the primer gives galvanic or inhibitive protection and adhesion, the intermediate coat adds barrier thickness and the topcoat resists UV and weather. NDFT and the number of coats rise with the corrosivity category and the durability range.
Five of the generic binder types that ISO 12944-5:2019 names in clause 6.2 are listed below with their codes.
- Alkyd (AK): binder coded AK in ISO 12944-5 system descriptions.
- Acrylic (AY): binder coded AY in ISO 12944-5 system descriptions.
- Ethyl silicate (ESI): binder that cures by reaction with air moisture, so low relative humidity slows the cure (ISO 12944-5:2019, 6.2.3).
- Epoxy (EP): two-pack binder built from epoxy resins and hardeners, used for zinc primers and intermediate coats.
- Polyurethane (PUR): binder of topcoats and zinc primers made from polyurethane resins.
Is an ISO 12944-5 Zn (R) Primer the Same as a SCAQMD Zinc-Rich Primer?#
No: an ISO 12944-5:2019 Zn (R) primer carries at least 80 % zinc dust by mass in the dry film, while SCAQMD Rule 1113 sets 65 % metallic zinc by weight of total solids. The ISO definition calls for zinc dust to ISO 3549 and accepts a theoretical declaration of zinc content because of the error margin of ASTM D6580. SCAQMD Rule 1113 (amended 2016-02-05) defines Zinc-Rich IM Primers in (b)(85) and limits them to 100 g/L (0.83 lb/gal) of VOC, so a primer can meet the California definition and still fall short of Zn (R). Product grades and binders are compared on the page for zinc-rich primers for structural steel.
ISO 12944-6 Laboratory Performance Tests: Hours by Category and Durability#
ISO 12944-6:2018 qualifies a paint system by laboratory exposure of coated panels, with hours rising by category and durability from 48 h of condensation for C2 low to 2,688 h of cyclic aging for C5 very high. Two regimes run side by side: condensation to ISO 6270-1 and neutral salt spray to ISO 9227, both cited by ISO 12944-6:2018. For C4 very high and C5 high, cyclic aging to Annex B (1,680 h) is the alternative to that pair, and C5 very high accepts the 2,688 h cyclic test only, so 1,440 h of salt spray never qualifies it.
The table below gives the test hours per category and durability as condensation hours / neutral salt spray hours.
| Category | Low | Medium | High | Very high |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C2 | 48 / none | 48 / none | 120 / none | 240 / 480 |
| C3 | 48 / 120 | 120 / 240 | 240 / 480 | 480 / 720 |
| C4 | 120 / 240 | 240 / 480 | 480 / 720 | 720 / 1,440, or 1,680 cyclic |
| C5 | 240 / 480 | 480 / 720 | 720 / 1,440, or 1,680 cyclic | 2,688 cyclic only |
| Im1 | - | - | 3,000 immersion + 1,440 condensation | 4,000 immersion + 2,160 condensation |
| Im2, Im3 | - | - | 3,000 immersion + 1,440 salt spray | 4,000 immersion + 2,160 salt spray |
Immersion rows show the high and very high durability ranges only.
ISO 12944-6 Test Panels, Coat Thickness and Adhesion Criteria#
ISO 12944-6:2018 test panels are blast-cleaned to Sa 2 1/2 with a medium (G) profile to ISO 8503-1 and measure at least 150 x 75 x 3 mm (5.9 x 3.0 x 0.12 in). Three panels are used per test, conditioned for 2 weeks at 23 °C (73.4 °F) and 50 % RH. Each coat on a panel stays below 1.5 x NDFT when the NDFT is up to 60 µm (2.4 mils) and below 1.25 x NDFT above 60 µm.
How is adhesion judged? Before aging, a system above 250 µm (9.8 mils) needs at least 2.5 MPa (363 psi) pull-off to ISO 4624, with no adhesion failure to the substrate unless the value reaches at least 5 MPa (725 psi); a system up to 250 µm needs cross-cut class 0 to 2. Adhesion is assessed again after aging, following a 7-day recovery. Pull-off adhesion testing to ISO 4624:2023 offers Method A with two dollies, Method B with a single dolly on rigid substrates and Method C with the dolly as the painted substrate, and the dollies and failure modes are explained under pull-off adhesion testing.
ISO 12944-9 Offshore Systems: CX and Im4 Requirements#
ISO 12944-9:2018 qualifies offshore systems for CX and Im4 with a 4,200 h cyclic aging test of 25 weekly cycles, which replaced ISO 20340, and sets a scribe creep limit of 3.0 mm (0.12 in) for general CX areas. Part 9 also sets minimum nominal dry film thicknesses and a minimum number of coats for each primer type.
What else must an offshore system show? Pull-off strength on unexposed panels reaches at least 5 MPa (725 psi), and after aging and a 14-day recovery at least 50 % of that baseline remains. The requirements below are standard requirements as summarized in the ISO 12944 guide of AkzoNobel and the testing summary of KTA, read against the ISO text before a contract cites them.
The table below lists the part 9 requirements for CX and Im4.
| Requirement | CX | Im4 | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aging test | 4,200 h cyclic, 25 weekly cycles | 4,200 h cyclic, 25 weekly cycles | Replaces ISO 20340 |
| Scribe creep | At most 3.0 mm (0.12 in) general areas; at most 8.0 mm (0.31 in) high-impact areas | 6.0 mm (0.24 in) seawater immersion | After aging |
| Pull-off, unexposed | At least 5 MPa (725 psi) | At least 5 MPa (725 psi); at least 8 MPa (1,160 psi) for systems of 800 µm (31.5 mils) or more | ISO 4624 |
| Pull-off, after aging | At least 50 % retained after 14-day recovery | At least 50 % retained after 14-day recovery | Against baseline |
| Minimum NDFT with Zn (R) primer | 280 µm (11.0 mils), primer at least 40 µm (1.6 mils), at least 3 coats | 600 µm (23.6 mils), at least 2 coats | Dry film |
| Minimum NDFT, single coat | - | 800 µm (31.5 mils), 1 coat | Dry film |
| Minimum NDFT, other primers | 350 µm (13.8 mils), primer at least 60 µm (2.4 mils), at least 3 coats | 350 µm (13.8 mils), at least 2 coats | Dry film |
Requirements as summarized by AkzoNobel and KTA.
Test Methods Cited and Used with ISO 12944#
Ten test methods surround ISO 12944: six that parts 5 and 6 cite for qualification (ISO 6270-1, ISO 9227, ISO 4624, ISO 8503-1, ISO 3549, ASTM D6580) and four used on site for cleanliness, climate, thickness and porosity. Annex B cyclic aging is part of ISO 12944-6:2018 itself, and the table below sets each method beside its role and edition.
| Method | Role around ISO 12944 | Edition | Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 6270-1 | Condensation exposure | Cited by ISO 12944-6:2018 | - |
| ISO 9227 | Neutral salt spray | Cited by ISO 12944-6:2018 | - |
| ISO 12944-6 Annex B | Cyclic aging, 1,680 h and 2,688 h | ISO 12944-6:2018 | - |
| ISO 4624 | Pull-off adhesion, methods A, B, C | ISO 4624:2023 (edition 4, replaces 2016) | - |
| ISO 8503-1 | Medium (G) profile of test panels | Cited by ISO 12944-6:2018 | - |
| ISO 3549 | Zinc dust pigment | Cited by ISO 12944-5:2019 | - |
| ASTM D6580 | Zinc content of the dry film | Cited by ISO 12944-5:2019 | - |
| ISO 8501-1 | Cleanliness grades Sa 1, Sa 2, Sa 2 1/2, Sa 3, St 2, St 3 | ISO 8501-1:2007 | steel surface preparation grades |
| ISO 8502-4 | Surface at least 3 °C (5.4 °F) above dew point | ISO 8502-4:2017 | dew point calculator for coating application |
| ISO 19840 | DFT on rough steel: mean at least NDFT, every reading at least 80 % NDFT | ISO 19840:2012, confirmed 2023 | coating thickness measurement |
| ISO 29601 | Porosity of a paint system of any thickness on metal | ISO 29601:2026, replaces 2011 | holiday testing of coatings and linings |
Which Product Classes Does ISO 12944 Govern?#
ISO 12944 governs anti-corrosion coating systems and zinc-rich primers for structural steel, while concrete coatings, rebar coatings in concrete repair and tank linings follow other documents. Intumescent fire protection sits over a compatible primer, so ISO 12944 sets the corrosion protection under it and the fire rating comes from fire tests. Each class below belongs to the family of protective coatings for concrete and steel, and the table names the document that governs it.
| Product class | What ISO 12944 sets | Other document |
|---|---|---|
| anti-corrosion coating systems for structural steel | Category, durability, parts 5, 6 and 9 | ISO 9223:2012 for site rates |
| zinc-rich primers for structural steel | Zn (R) at least 80 % zinc dust | SSPC-Paint 20; SCAQMD Rule 1113 |
| intumescent coatings for structural steel | Corrosion protection of the primer only | Fire rating on its own page |
| chemical-resistant linings and secondary containment coatings | Nothing: tank interiors are outside ISO 12944-9:2018 | Lining specifications per product |
| coatings for potable water tanks and reservoirs | Nothing for drinking-water contact | NSF/ANSI/CAN 61-2025 listing route |
| anti-carbonation coatings for concrete | Nothing (concrete) | EN 1504-2:2004 |
| EN 1504-2 surface protection systems | Nothing (concrete) | EN 1504-2:2004 |
| rebar corrosion protection coatings | Nothing (rebar in concrete repair) | EN 1504-7:2006 |
How to Read a Coating Data Sheet or System Report Against ISO 12944#
A data sheet or system report shows ISO 12944 conformity only when it names the category, the durability range, the part and edition tested, the system build-up with NDFT per coat, and the test report behind it. The six checks below follow that order.
- Name the category and the durability range together, such as C5 high, never a category alone.
- Check that the report cites ISO 12944-6:2018 or ISO 12944-9:2018 and the hours of the tables above.
- Read every NDFT as a dry film thickness; derive wet film as WFT = DFT / volume solids and coverage as m²/L = 1,000 x VS / DFT in µm (1,604 ft²/gal at 1 mil and 100 % VS). Worked example, inputs volume solids 60 % and DFT 100 µm (3.9 mils): WFT is 167 µm (6.6 mils) and theoretical coverage 6.0 m²/L (244 ft²/gal); the epoxy and coating coverage calculator runs the same identity.
- Check the surface preparation grade on the data sheet itself: Cloverdale requires Sa 3 for its C4, C5 and CX systems, a product requirement stricter than the Sa 2 1/2 of the test panels.
- Reject salt-spray-only evidence for C5 very high or CX, which need 2,688 h or 4,200 h of cyclic aging.
- Compare the edition dates with the edition history below.
The table below sets three product systems from maker guides beside their test basis.
| Product system (data sheet, edition) | Coats and DFT | Category and durability | Test basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloverdale C4 VH system (Cloverdale ISO 12944 systems guide) | Zinc epoxy 60 to 80 µm + epoxy 50 to 75 µm + epoxy 50 to 75 µm + PU 30 to 100 µm; total 260 µm (10.2 mils) | C4 VH | ISO 12944-6:2018 |
| Cloverdale C5 VH system (Cloverdale ISO 12944 systems guide) | Zinc epoxy + epoxy + PU; total 320 µm (12.6 mils) | C5 VH | ISO 12944-6 Annex B, 2,688 h cyclic |
| Interzinc 52 + Intergard 345 + Interthane 990 (AkzoNobel ISO 12944 guide) | 60 µm + 160 µm + 60 µm = 280 µm (11.0 mils) | C5 High | ISO 12944-6:2018, third-party |
Typical product systems from maker guides, not requirements.
The failure modes a report does not show (edge and weld corrosion from missing stripe coats, undercutting at damage, topcoat chalking and inter-coat delamination after an exceeded recoat window) are checked on site.
ISO 12944 Edition History and Pending Revisions#
ISO 12944 was revised between 2017 and 2019, and since 2025 ISO has placed parts 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 at stage 90.92, to be revised, with no new edition published as of 2026-10-22. The 2017 and 2018 editions added CX and Im4, replaced C5-I and C5-M, and set the current durability ranges in place of the 1998 ranges (low 2 to 5, medium 5 to 15 and high more than 15 years, now history). ISO 12944-6:2018 replaced ISO 12944-6:1998, and ISO 12944-5:2019 was a minor revision of the 2018 edition.
Is a new part 6 due? ISO set 2026-08-29 as the target completion date of the part 6 revision, and that date passed without a new edition as of 2026-10-22. The KTA testing summary records the intent to remove the salt-spray and condensation alternative in a future revision. The table below records each part with its edition and ISO stage.
| Part | Edition | Replaces | ISO stage (date) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 | 2017 | - | 90.92 to be revised (since 2025-06-19) |
| 4 | See ISO catalogue | See ISO catalogue | See ISO catalogue |
| 5 | Fourth edition, 2019-09-26 | Minor revision of 2018 | 90.92 to be revised (since 2025-03-11) |
| 6 | Second edition, 2018-01-30 | ISO 12944-6:1998 | 90.92 since 2025-03-11; target 2026-08-29; no new edition 2026-10-22 |
| 9 | 2018-01-30 | Replaces the ISO 20340 test | See ISO catalogue |
| ISO 9223 | 2012 | - | Confirmed 2022-09-16 |
Official Sources for ISO 12944#
The issuing body's catalogue is the only source for the current edition of each ISO 12944 part. The seven official sources used on this page are listed below; unauthorized copies of the standard text are not cited.
- ISO records of ISO 12944-1, -2, -3, -7 and -8 (2017), in the ISO catalogue.
- ISO record of ISO 12944-5:2019 (catalogue number 77795).
- ISO records of ISO 12944-6:2018 (51378) and ISO 12944-9:2018 (64832), with the Standards Council of Canada record for part 9.
- ISO record of ISO 9223:2012 (53499).
- South Coast AQMD, Rule 1113 Architectural Coatings, as amended 2016-02-05.
- AMPP catalogue, SSPC-Paint 20 (2019-12-01).
- ASTM store, ASTM D3359-23, D4417-21 and D5162-24.
How ISO 12944 Relates to SSPC, ASTM and EN 1504 Documents#
ISO 12944 has no single US counterpart: US specifications combine SSPC and AMPP surface-preparation and paint standards with ASTM test methods, and the closest equivalences are approximate. SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2 corresponds approximately to Sa 2 1/2 and SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 approximately to Sa 3, never as exact equivalents. Welds and edges take the ISO 8501-3 grades P1, P2 and P3, which correlate with categories C1 to C5 of ISO 12944-2.
Concrete structures stay outside ISO 12944. Surface protection of concrete follows EN 1504-2:2004 and reinforcement corrosion protection EN 1504-7:2006, both harmonised in the European Commission summary list of 2026-02-09, and the full series is explained under EN 1504 products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures. The table below pairs ISO documents with their US counterparts.
| Topic | ISO document | US or other document | Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cleanliness | ISO 8501-1:2007 Sa 2 1/2, Sa 3 | SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2, SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 (approximate) | steel surface preparation grades |
| Zinc primers | ISO 12944-5:2019 Zn (R) | SSPC-Paint 20 Type I inorganic, Type II organic; SCAQMD Rule 1113, 65 % and 100 g/L (0.83 lb/gal) | VOC limits for construction chemicals |
| Adhesion | ISO 12944-6:2018 cross-cut class 0 to 2 | ASTM D3359-23 Method B, films under 125 µm (5 mils), 5B to 0B | ASTM D3359 tape test |
| Profile | ISO 8503-1 medium (G) | ASTM D4417-21, methods A to C | - |
| Porosity | ISO 29601:2026 | ASTM D5162-24, Method A wet sponge, Method B spark | - |
ISO 12944 FAQs#
Is ISO 12944 durability a guarantee period?#
No: ISO 12944-1:2017 durability is a range used to select a paint system, not a guarantee time.
Does a C5 very high system also qualify for lower categories?#
Yes: ISO 12944-6:2018 treats a system tested to C5 very high as suitable for lower categories and durabilities. That system passed 2,688 h of cyclic aging.
Which blast-cleaning grade do ISO 12944-6 test panels use?#
ISO 12944-6:2018 panels are blast-cleaned to Sa 2 1/2 (ISO 8501-1:2007) with a medium (G) profile. The grade on site comes from the product data sheet.
What are the specifications for C5-M paint?#
C5-M no longer exists: ISO 12944-2:2017 replaced it with C5 onshore and CX offshore. A former C5-M specification is rewritten as C5 or CX with a durability range.
What are the paint specifications for structural steel?#
Structural steel paint specifications start from the ISO 12944-2:2017 category and the ISO 12944-1:2017 durability range. Systems, binders and coat builds are compared on the page for anti-corrosion coating systems for structural steel.